<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marie-Alice Fraiture</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strategies to detect unauthorized GMO in the food and feed chain (PhD thesis)</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UGent</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gent, Belgium</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">326</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9789059898790</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;To guarantee the traceability on the market and the freedom of choice for&lt;br&gt;
consumers, genetically modified organisms (GMO) legislations have been&lt;br&gt;
established in many countries, including in Europe (EU). However, the&lt;br&gt;
implementation of these legislations by the enforcement laboratories is becoming&lt;br&gt;
complex due mainly to the increasing number and diversity of GMO. To cope&lt;br&gt;
with the problematic of EU unauthorized GMO, this PhD aims to improve and&lt;br&gt;
strengthen the existing GMO detection system using high-tech approaches.&lt;br&gt;
First, as a study case, an overview of genetically modified (GM) rice, developed&lt;br&gt;
around the world was carried out to collect information related inter alia&lt;br&gt;
on elements found in their transgenic cassette. Second, according to this&lt;br&gt;
information, key targets, frequently found in GMO (p35S and tNOS) or&lt;br&gt;
exclusively observed in EU unauthorized GMO (t35S pCAMBIA), were selected&lt;br&gt;
to develop a strategy allowing to detect and characterize a broad range of&lt;br&gt;
GMO. This strategy, fully integrated in the GMO routine analysis, consists&lt;br&gt;
to characterize sequences surrounding detected key transgenic elements using&lt;br&gt;
a DNA walking approach. By this way, the acquisition of sequences from&lt;br&gt;
the junction between the transgenic cassette and the plant genome as well as&lt;br&gt;
the associations of elements typically found in transgenic constructs allow to&lt;br&gt;
confirm the presence of GMO in food/feed matrices. Due to its good performance&lt;br&gt;
thoroughly assessed via several unprocessed and processed food/feed matrices,&lt;br&gt;
this strategy represents a key tool, easily implementable by the enforcement&lt;br&gt;
laboratories. With the aim to even more simplify the workflow and increase the&lt;br&gt;
throughput of this strategy, the sequencing step was performed using the Next&lt;br&gt;
Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology instead of the Sanger technology.&lt;br&gt;
In parallel, the detection of GMO in alimentary matrices using exclusively the&lt;br&gt;
NGS technology, through a whole genome sequencing (WGS) approach, was&lt;br&gt;
also investigated. As this last approach does not theoretically require any prior&lt;br&gt;
information about the targeted sequences, GMO composed only of unknown&lt;br&gt;
transgenic elements could be detected.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This work has thus allowed to provide additional strategies to the current GMO&lt;br&gt;
detection system in order to characterize a larger spectrum of GMO, both&lt;br&gt;
authorized or not.&lt;/p&gt;
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