<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steven Van Borm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geraldine Boseret</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simon Dellicour</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mieke Steensels</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virginie Roupie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frank Vandenbussche</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elisabeth Mathijs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aline Vilain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michèle Driesen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marc Dispas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andy W Delcloo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philippe Lemey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingeborg Mertens</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marius Gilbert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bénédicte Lambrecht</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thierry van den Berg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined Phylogeographic Analyses and Epidemiologic Contact Tracing to Characterize Atypically Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H3N1) Epidemic, Belgium, 2019.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emerg Infect Dis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chickens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contact Tracing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidemics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influenza in Birds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poultry Diseases</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The high economic impact and zoonotic potential of avian influenza call for detailed investigations of dispersal dynamics of epidemics. We integrated phylogeographic and epidemiologic analyses to investigate the dynamics of a low pathogenicity avian influenza (H3N1) epidemic that occurred in Belgium during 2019. Virus genomes from 104 clinical samples originating from 85% of affected farms were sequenced. A spatially explicit phylogeographic analysis confirmed a dominating northeast to southwest dispersal direction and a long-distance dispersal event linked to direct live animal transportation between farms. Spatiotemporal clustering, transport, and social contacts strongly correlated with the phylogeographic pattern of the epidemic. We detected only a limited association between wind direction and direction of viral lineage dispersal. Our results highlight the multifactorial nature of avian influenza epidemics and illustrate the use of genomic analyses of virus dispersal to complement epidemiologic and environmental data, improve knowledge of avian influenza epidemiologic dynamics, and enhance control strategies.&lt;/p&gt;
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