<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caroline H Karugu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charles Agyemang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milkah N Wanjohi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veronica Ojiambo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharon Mugo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard E Sanya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michelle Holdworth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amos Laar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stefanie Vandevijvere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gershim Asiki</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The promotion of ultra-processed foods in modern retail food outlets in rural and urban areas in Kenya.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public Health Nutr</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advertising</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Commerce</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-sectional studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fast Foods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food Handling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food Supply</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food, Processed</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KENYA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">marketing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rural Population</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supermarkets</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urban Population</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024 Oct 24</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;OBJECTIVE: &lt;/b&gt;To assess the availability and marketing of ultra-processed foods (UPF) in modern retail food outlets (supermarkets and minimarts) in Kenya and associated factors.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;DESIGN: &lt;/b&gt;This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kenya from August 2021 to October 2021. Variables included the geographic location and the socio-economic status (SES) levels, the food items displayed for sale and advertised in the stores, and locations in the stores such as the entrance.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;SETTING: &lt;/b&gt;Three counties in Kenya (Nairobi - urban, Mombasa - coastal tourist and Baringo - rural). Each county was stratified into high and low SES using national poverty indices.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;PARTICIPANTS: &lt;/b&gt;Food outlets that offered a self-service, had at least one checkout and had a minimum of two stocked aisles were assessed.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/b&gt;Of 115 outlets assessed, UPF occupied 33 % of the cumulative shelf space. UPF were the most advertised foods (60 %) and constituted 40 % of foods available for sale. The most commonly used promotional characters were cartoon characters (18 %). UPF were significantly more available for sale in Mombasa (urban) compared to Baringo (rural) (adjusted prevalence rate ratios (APRR): 1·13, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·26, = 0·005). UPF advertisements were significantly higher in Mombasa ((APRR): 2·18: 1·26, 3·79, = 0·005) compared to Baringo and Nairobi counties. There was a significantly higher rate of advertisement of UPF in larger outlets ((APRR): 1·68: 1·06, 2·67 = 0·001) compared to smaller outlets.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS: &lt;/b&gt;The high marketing and availability of UPF in modern retail outlets in Kenya calls for policies regulating unhealthy food advertisements in different settings in the country.&lt;/p&gt;
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