<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bart Desmedt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ates, Gamze</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patricia Courselle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Beer, Jacques O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogiers, Vera</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hendrickx, Benoit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eric Deconinck</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Paepe, Kristien</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro Dermal Absorption of Hydroquinone: Protocol Validation and Applicability on Illegal Skin-Whitening Cosmetics.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Pharmacol Physiol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Pharmacol Physiol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug and Narcotic Control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydroquinones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Vitro Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">middle aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SKIN</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Lightening Preparations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">300-308</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In Europe, hydroquinone is a forbidden cosmetic ingredient. It is, however, still abundantly used because of its effective skin-whitening properties. The question arises as to whether the quantities of hydroquinone used become systemically available and may cause damage to human health. Dermal absorption studies can provide this information. In the EU, dermal absorption has to be assessed in vitro since the Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009/EC forbids the use of animals. To obtain human-relevant data, a Franz diffusion cell protocol was validated using human skin. The results obtained were comparable to those from a multicentre validation study. The protocol was applied to hydroquinone and the dermal absorption ranged between 31 and 44%, which is within the range of published in vivo human values. This shows that a well-validated in vitro dermal absorption study using human skin provides relevant human data. The validated protocol was used to determine the dermal absorption of illegal skin-whitening cosmetics containing hydroquinone. All samples gave high dermal absorption values, rendering them all unsafe for human health. These results add to our knowledge of illegal cosmetics on the EU market, namely that they exhibit a negative toxicological profile and are likely to induce health problems.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28052295?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>