<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mariska Bauwelinck</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Jie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kees de Hoogh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klea Katsouyanni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sophia Rodopoulou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evangelia Samoli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zorana J. Andersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard Atkinson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casas, Lidia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deboosere, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claire Demoury</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicole Janssen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jochem O. Klompmaker</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wouter Lefebvre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amar Jayant Mehta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tim S. Nawrot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bente Oftedal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matteo Renzi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Massimo Stafoggia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maciek Strak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vandenheede, Hadewijch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charlotte Vanpoucke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An Van Nieuwenhuyse</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danielle Vienneau</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bert Brunekreef</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerard Hoek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variability in the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality by exposure assessment method and covariate adjustment: A census-based country-wide cohort study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science of The Total Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cause-specific mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental hazard</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exposure assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population-based</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15 January 2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">804</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Background&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ambient air pollution exposure has been associated with higher mortality risk in numerous studies. We assessed potential variability in the magnitude of this association for non-accidental, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and lung cancer mortality in a country-wide administrative cohort by exposure assessment method and by adjustment for geographic subdivisions.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Methods&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We used the Belgian 2001 census linked to population and mortality register including nearly 5.5 million adults aged ≥30 (mean follow-up: 9.97&amp;nbsp;years). Annual mean concentrations for&amp;nbsp;fine particulate matter&amp;nbsp;(PM2.5),&amp;nbsp;nitrogen dioxide&amp;nbsp;(NO2), black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) were assessed at baseline residential address using two exposure methods; Europe-wide hybrid land use regression (LUR) models [100x100m], and Belgium-wide interpolation-dispersion (RIO-IFDM) models [25x25m]. We used Cox proportional hazards models with age as the underlying time scale and adjusted for various individual and area-level covariates. We further adjusted main models for two different area-levels following the European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS); NUTS-1 (n&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;3), or NUTS-3 (n&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;43).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Results&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We found no consistent differences between both exposure methods. We observed most robust associations with lung cancer mortality. Hazard Ratios (HRs) per 10&amp;nbsp;μg/m3&amp;nbsp;increase for NO2&amp;nbsp;were 1.060 (95%CI 1.042-1.078) [hybrid LUR] and 1.040 (95%CI 1.022-1.058) [RIO-IFDM]. Associations with non-accidental, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease mortality were generally null in main models but were enhanced after further adjustment for NUTS-1 or NUTS-3. HRs for non-accidental mortality per 5&amp;nbsp;μg/m3&amp;nbsp;increase for PM2.5&amp;nbsp;for the main model using hybrid LUR exposure were 1.023 (95%CI 1.011-1.035). After including random effects HRs were 1.044 (95%CI 1.033-1.057) [NUTS-1] and 1.076 (95%CI 1.060-1.092) [NUTS-3].&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Conclusion&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Long-term air pollution exposure was associated with higher lung cancer mortality risk but not consistently with the other studied causes. Magnitude of associations varied by adjustment for geographic subdivisions, area-level socio-economic covariates and less by exposure assessment method.&lt;/p&gt;
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