<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne Pohlmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacqueline King</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fusaro, Alice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bianca Zecchin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ashley C Banyard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Ian H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander M P Byrne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nancy Beerens</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liang, Yuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rene Heutink</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frank Harders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joe James</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott M Reid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rowena D E Hansen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicola S Lewis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charlotte Hjulsager</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lars E Larsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siamak Zohari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristofer Anderson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caroline Bröjer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander Nagy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Savič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steven Van Borm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mieke Steensels</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briand, François-Xavier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edyta Swieton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smietanka, Krzysztof</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christian Grund</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beer, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timm Harder</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Has Epizootic Become Enzootic? Evidence for a Fundamental Change in the Infection Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Europe, 2021.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mBio</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals, Wild</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Europe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influenza A virus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influenza in Birds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poultry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022 Aug 30</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Phylogenetic evidence from the recent resurgence of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, observed in European wild birds and poultry since October 2021, suggests at least two different and distinct reservoirs. We propose contrasting hypotheses for this emergence: (i) resident viruses have been maintained, presumably in wild birds, in northern Europe throughout the summer of 2021 to cause some of the outbreaks that are part of the most recent autumn/winter 2021 epizootic, or (ii) further virus variants were reintroduced by migratory birds, and these two sources of reintroduction have driven the HPAI resurgence. Viruses from these two principal sources can be distinguished by their hemagglutinin genes, which segregate into two distinct sublineages (termed B1 and B2) within clade 2.3.4.4b, as well as their different internal gene compositions. The evidence of enzootic HPAI virus circulation during the summer of 2021 indicates a possible paradigm shift in the epidemiology of HPAI in Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
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